EFFECT OF CREDIT RISK ON BANKS PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Abstract : Available
- Table of Content: Available
- Reference Style: APA
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 3000
Background of Study
Commercial banks play a significant role in the economic development of nations through the financial services they provide. Their intermediation role can be said to be a catalyst for economic growth (Kolapo, Ayeni and Oke, 2012). Lending is no doubt a significant part of the financial services rendered by these banks. This is why Kargi (2011) pointed out that credit creation is the main income generating activity of banks. However, commercial bank lending is guided by credit policies which are guidelines and procedures put in place to ensure smooth lending operations. Bank lending if not properly assessed, involves the risk that the borrower will not be able or willing to honour their obligations (Omara, 2007).
However, beyond the urge to extend credit and generate revenue, banks have to recover the principal amount in order to ensure safety of depositors’ fund and avoid capital erosion. Bank lending therefore has to consider interest income, cost of funds, statutory requirements, depositor’s needs and risks associated with loan proposals (Dongo, 2004). For these reasons banks have overtime developed credit policies and procedures which stipulate the lending process. This process includes among others the credit appraisals, documentations, disbursement, monitoring and recovery processes lending. Bank lending is also based on established international standards (Omara, 2007).
However, despite the credit processes and procedures put in place, the Nigerian banking industry, in the past decade, has been strained by the deteriorating quality of its credit assets as a result of the significant dip in equity market indices, global oil prices and sudden depreciation of the naira against global currencies (BGL Banking Report, 2010). The poor quality of the banks’ loan assets hindered banks to extend more credit to the domestic economy, thereby adversely affecting economic performance. This prompted the Federal Government of Nigeria through the instrumentality of an Act of the National Assembly to establish the Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON) in July, 2010. Similarly, the Prudential Guidelines was amended in 2010. This was with a view to provide a lasting solution to the recurring problems of non-performing loans that bedevilled Nigerian banks.
Similarly, the commercial banks on their part and in response to deteriorating quality of credit assets have almost universally embarked upon an upgrading of their risk management and control systems. This is because poor asset quality no doubt creates the problem of non-profitability and illiquidity.
Thus, there is no doubt that the success of banks largely depends on the effectiveness of their credit management systems because these institutions generate most of their income from interest earned on loans extended to their customers. The Central Bank Annual Supervision Report, 2010 indicated high incidence of credit risk reflected in the rising levels of non- performing loans by commercial banks in the last 10 years, a situation that has adversely impacted on their profitability. This trend not only threatens the viability and sustainability of banks but also adversely affects the economic performance of the country as a whole. Poor credit appraisal techniques that have seen credit exposures turn bad, no doubt, largely accounts for the rising level of non-performing loans. Hence, the report of the rising “toxic asset‟ of banks informed the need to undertake an investigation into the effect of credit risk on banks’ performance. In doing this, the ratio of non-performing loan to loan & advances, ratio of total loan & advances to total deposit and the ratio of loan loss provision to non performing loans were used as indicators of credit risk while the ratio of Profit after Tax to total asset known as return on asset (ROA) indicates performance.
1.2 Statement of Problem
The changes that have taken place in the Nigerian financial system over the past two decades have been traumatic and revolutionary with disturbing news of shrinking spread on loans, erosion of demand deposits, disintermediation of banks or in most cases by the capital market and the concentration of oligopolistic practices in few core banks with series of threats to the Nigerian money market.
Credit risk management system incorporates the processing of credit transactions from the receipt of credit facility request from customers, through credit risk analysis and approval, monitoring of credit exposures to credit payoff or delinquency management in event of decline in credit quality. The management of loans and advances does not require any special skill, although, technical knowledge is essential. Previous experiences can also assist but the ability to think objectively to deal and communicate with a broad range of accounts and customers of different back experience, approach and ability is more important. As the challenges posed by the difficult economic environment increases, financial institutions are subsequently exposed to increasing risk. The most important of these is credit risk, that is the possibility that a borrower will not repay the loan when if falls due or that he may even fail outright to repay. This credit risk has the effect of exposing banks to problem loans when they crystallize. Advance problems arise immediately customer makes his request for the manager to take a decision. This is further compounded when repayment by customer is not met and debt irrecoverable, except through realization of security (where possible). Where a large chunk of banking system credit is unpaid, the process of intermediation is impeded, fresh funds are unavailable to deserving new projects and the consequences of this for national productivity and employment can be serious. Because of these problems, loans which are increasingly becoming a threat to the financial stability of the banking industry, the Regulatory/Supervisory Authority (CBN and NDIC) introduced the prudential guidelines in November 1990 and always release credit policy guidelines annually for financial institutions comply with so as to minimize this credit risk. But the question is, are these banks really complying with the guidelines so as to safeguard customers’ deposit and owners’ funds? This question is what the research seeks to answer using UBA Plc as a case study.
Research Questions
The research questions raised from the problem identified are as follows;
- What is the influence of non-performing loan to loan & advances on bank performance?
- What is the effect of total loan & advances to total deposit on bank performance?
- What is the influence of loan loss provision to non performing loans on bank performance?
Statement of Research Objectives
The general objective of this paper is to examine the effect of credit risk on the performance of Nigerian Banks. Specifically, the study intended to;
- Examine the influence of non-performing loan to loan & advances on bank performance.
- Determine the effect of total loan & advances to total deposit on bank performance.
- Ascertain the influence of loan loss provision to non performing loans on bank performance.
Research Hypotheses
To achieve the study’s objectives, the following null postulate has been made.
H0: There is no significant relationship between loans and advances (credit) and bad loans (non-performing loans)
H1: There is significant relationship between loans and advances (credit) and bad loans (non-performing loans).
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of the study shall be limited to credit risk management in commercial banks. it shall be within the frame of population size which comprises of all commercial banks in Nigeria.
However, the sample size of the study is restricted to. UBA Plc. Focus will be on the risk management department of UBA Plc coupled with information from CBN and NDIC.
A research work of this nature is fraught with many limitations. An obvious limitation of this study is non-availability of textbooks on credit. Most of the materials available are in form of seminar papers, workshop papers and credit review extracts etc. Time constraint is another limitation since the researcher is a part time student who has to combine this project with regular office work. In spite of all these limitations, justice is done with the available information and materials collected.
1.7 Significance of the Study
This study becomes important because of the volume of bad debts, which has mounted in banks over the years. The magnitude of non performing credits in the banking system is a cause for concern to different stakeholders including bank management which granted the credit, bank director some of whom took the credit, depositors whose funds have been misappropriated, bank supervisors, government responsible for protecting the banking system and the society at large. These concerns arise not only because of the potential losses to depositors but because of the likely loss of confidence in the banking system arising from a systematic distress. When credit is not paid, the banking system would be unable to play its intermediating role. It thus becomes obvious that this is a problem that everyone has a role to pay in finding solution.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Risk: Is a state in which losses are possible.
Loss: Consists of disappearance or reduction in value.
Risk Management: Is an organized method for dealing with the pure risks (and sometimes speculative risks) to which an individual, family, firm or other organization is exposed.
Employees: Are those who work in an organization.
Loss Prevention: An effort that reduces the probability of a loss.
Loss Reduction: An effort that reduces the severity of loss.
Risk Transfer: A technique such as insurance or a hold-harmless agreement whereby financial aspects of a potential loss are shifted to another party.
1.9 Study Outlines
This study shall be divided into five chapters. Chapter one shall contain the study background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research questions and hypothesis, scope and limitation of study, significance of study, definition of terms and study outlines.
Chapter Two shall contain literature review. My emphasis is to review relevant literature on the study using UBA Plc as my case study.
Chapter Three discusses the various techniques and procedures used in collecting data and the analytical treatment of the data collected in the study. It, among other things, discussed the research design; population; sample and sampling procedure; research instrument; method of data collection and data analysis.
Chapter four is devoted to explain how the data collected and arranged in tables to facilitate clear and proper analysis.
Chapter five presents a summary of this study and the conclusions that could be drawn from it. Following this conclusion, some recommendations are made.
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